“结盟是‘找敌人’的旧国际关系思维，结伴是‘交朋友’的新型国际关系思维，21世纪的大国关系竞赛重点是比“交朋友”的结伴速度而不是“找敌人”的结盟速度，结盟政治把国际政治文化搞坏了，是一种向下竞争的互害思维。在美版知乎Quora上，美国网友提问道：为什么中国没有像样儿的朋友？这引起各国网友的围观和热议，我们看看他们的观点。




法国网友亨利?拉瑟的回答
Very interesting question, let me try to answer it.

非常有趣的问题，让我试着回答。

Generally speaking, several countries will sign an alliance first. If several countries become allies and one of them is attacked, other allies in the alliance will fight to defend the invaded ally.

一般来说，几个国家会先签订盟约，如果几个国家成为盟友，其中一个国家受到攻击，联盟中的其他盟友将为保卫被入侵的盟友而战。

? First of all, let's have a deep understanding of the Chinese style of doing things.

? 首先，让我们深入了解一下中国人做事的风格。

The Chinese are extremely pragmatic. I once said that in order to achieve a certain goal, any useful method may be adopted and promoted in the process, and any method that fails to achieve the goal will be abandoned by the Chinese.

中国人是极其务实的。我曾经说过，为了实现某一个目标，任何有用的方法都可能在过程中被采用和推广，任何不能实现目标的方法都将被中国人弃如敝履。

You often see such scenes in China. Some Chinese people pray in front of Buddha, God and Allah at the same time, which is unacceptable to Westerners. Either you believe in God, or you believe in God, or you believe in Buddha. How can you worship two gods at the same time? But the fact is that this does happen frequently in China.

你经常在中国看到这样的场景。一些中国人同时在佛陀、上帝和安拉面前祈祷，这是西方人根本无法接受的。要么你相信上帝，要么你相信真主，要么相信佛祖。你怎么能同时崇拜两个神？但事实是，这在中国确实会经常出现。

Because in the eyes of Chinese people, all religions are equal to gods. Chinese people pray for gods to serve themselves, just as people with religious beliefs in the West and Middle East countries worship God or Allah. I have no intention of offending any friend with religious belief. If I offend, I will apologize first.

因为在中国人眼里，所有的宗教都等同于神明。中国人祈求神明为自己服务，就像在西方和中东国家有宗教信仰的人事奉上帝或安拉。我无意冒犯任何有宗教信仰的朋友，如果有冒犯的话，我先道歉。

I take this example to say that as long as God is useful, Chinese people will believe in him. If it doesn't work, the Chinese won't believe it. This style is very obvious in all areas of China.

我举这个例子是想说，只要上帝有用，中国人就相信他。如果不起作用，中国人不会相信。这种风格在中国的各个领域都非常明显。

For example, due to the lack of cognition and understanding, and strong diode thinking, many foreigners who do not know the situation will ask today's socialist countries in China? If it is a socialist country, why is the market economy so developed and the economy developing so rapidly? Therefore, in the eyes of many Westerners, the Chinese model is incomprehensible. However, only in this way can China not only have the ability to intervene and mobilize socialism, but also give full play to the advantages of capital and market economy. Therefore, this system is very useful for China. Therefore, the Chinese have given this model suitable for their own development a name, which is called the "socialist road with Chinese characteristics".

例如，由于缺乏认知和理解，又有很强的二极管思维，很多不了解情况的外国人会问今天的中国社会主义国家吗？如果是社会主义国家，为什么市场经济如此发达，经济发展如此迅速？因此，在很多西方人眼中，中国模式不可理解。可正是这样，才能使中国不仅具备社会主义干预和动员的能力，而且能够充分发挥资本和市场经济的优势。因此，这套制度对中国非常有用。因此，中国人给这个适合自己发展的模式起了一个名字，叫做“中国特色社会主义道路”。

Today, China's development and progress, as well as the neighboring countries from leering to actively conceding, are the embodiment of China's strength.

今天，中国的发展进步，以及周边国家从虎视眈眈到主动让步，都是中国实力的体现。

? Second, how does China embody this pragmatism in its foreign exchanges?

?第二，中国如何在对外交往中体现这种实用主义？

According to the characteristics of the Chinese people, if necessary, China will form an alliance. At present, China has no alliance, but the current situation has decided that China should not align. At present, China's foreign policy is flexible and pragmatic.

根据中国人民的特点，如果有必要，中国将结成联盟。现在中国没有结盟，但目前的形势决定了中国最好不要结盟。目前，中国的外交政策是灵活务实的。

Having allies is not necessarily a good thing. The Convention is a constraint on every country, and allies may be a driving force and sometimes a drag.

有盟友并不一定是好事，《公约》对每个国家都是一种制约，盟友可能是一种动力，有时也是一种拖累。

During China's self-defence against Vietnam, the large-scale war lasted only one month, from February 17 to March 16, 1979. However, the low-intensity conflict between China and Vietnam lasted for 10 years, and the war did not end completely until the 1990s. Why?

在中国自卫反击越南期间，大规模战争仅持续了一个月，从1979年2月17日至3月16日。然而，中越之间的低强度冲突持续了10年，直到20世纪90年代，战争才彻底结束，为什么？

Because the international environment at that time was ten years before the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Union's military strength reached its peak. After the hostility, the Soviet Union once threatened China heavily. The United States established diplomatic relations with China, achieving the goal of balancing the Soviet Union. The middle and high intensity war of self-defence and counterattack against Vietnam lasted only one month, to tell Vietnam that China is capable of winning. China then withdrew completely and told Vietnam that the reason for China's fighting was for peace, not blood feud.

因为当时的国际环境是冷战结束的前十年，苏联的军事实力达到了顶峰，交恶之后，苏联一度对中国威胁重重。美国与中国建立外交关系，实现了制衡苏联的目的。对越自卫反击战的中高强度战争只持续了一个月，目的是告诉越南，中国有能力获胜。中国随后完全退出，告诉越南，中国战斗的原因是为了和平，而不是血海深仇。

However, at that time, Vietnam still had a considerable number of elite troops stationed in Hanoi. Vietnam still thinks it can invade northwards. Therefore, for China, in the face of Vietnam, the primary purpose is to contain it, not to completely conquer it.

然而，当时越南仍有相当数量的精锐部队驻扎在河内。越南仍然认为它有能力向北入侵。因此，对中国来说，面对越南，首要目的是遏制它，震慑它，而不是彻底征服。

If China is hampered by a large-scale war, the final result will be that China cannot develop at all, and the Soviet Union will even threaten China in the south.

如果中国被大规模战争的掣肘，最终后果将是中国根本无法发展，苏联甚至会威胁到南边的中国。

Therefore, China's way is to conduct low-intensity round warfare. First of all, Vietnam can be kept in a state of war and can be properly deterred; Second, China can develop with ease; Third, Vietnam will continue to seek support from the Soviet Union because it is an ally and the Soviet Union will continue to support Vietnam. However, no matter how much the Soviet Union supported Vietnam, Vietnam could not defeat China. Such support would drag the Soviet Union into the quagmire of war that did not belong to him.

因此，中国的方式是进行低强度的轮战。首先，让越南一直处于战争状态，可对其保持适当威慑；第二，中国可以安心发展；第三，越南将继续向苏联寻求支持，因为它是盟友，苏联将继续支持越南。然而，无论苏联如何支持越南，越南都无法击败中国。这种支持将把苏联拖入不属于他的战争泥潭。

In this process, the more Soviet support, the greater the Soviet losses. But since it was already an ally, the Soviet Union could not withdraw halfway. In this case, the alliance had a negative impact on the Soviet Union.

在这个过程中，苏联的支持越多，损失就越大。但由于它已经是盟友，不可能中途退出。在这种情况下，结盟给苏联带来了负面影响。

From this perspective, it is very beneficial to China and the United States. This is a flexible and pragmatic foreign policy.

从这个角度来看，这对中国和美国都非常有利。这是一项灵活务实的外交政策。

? How does the United States need to maintain its allies?

?美国需要如何维护其盟友？

The premise for the existence of the alliance is the existence of a common threat. If this threat does not exist, then the significance of the alliance will not exist. NATO emerged to contain the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the West still felt uneasy about the huge Russia. Then NATO still needs to exist. However, after the Cold War, there was no huge conflict between the major powers, and the United States still needed to maintain this huge alliance. The reason is simple. The United States itself is located in the Western Hemisphere, and Eurasia is the center of the world. To consolidate American hegemony, the United States must have the ability to deeply intervene in the Eurasian continent. Therefore, the United States must need allies.

该联盟存在的前提是存在共同的威胁。如果这种威胁不存在，那么联盟的意义就不存在了。北约出现的目的是遏制苏联。苏联解体后，西方仍然对庞大的俄罗斯感到不安。那么北约仍然需要存在。然而，冷战后，大国之间并没有发生巨大的冲突，美国仍然需要维持这种巨大的联盟。原因很简单。美国本身位于西半球，亚欧大陆是世界的中心。要巩固美国霸权，美国必须在亚欧大陆拥有深度干预能力。因此，美国必须需要盟友。

The cost of maintaining allies is enormous. The alliance itself is a political and military act, which cannot directly bring rich economic benefits. In other words, even if the United States has many allies, the United States cannot completely stop the trade between these countries and China. This is why many US allies always attack China without reason on various occasions, but they are still willing to deepen their economic and trade relations with China.

维持盟友的成本是巨大的。联盟本身是一种政治和军事行为，不能直接带来丰厚的经济利益。换言之，即使美国有许多盟友，美国也无法完全阻止这些国家与中国之间的贸易。这就是为什么许多美国盟友总是在各种场合无端攻击中国，但他们仍然愿意深化与中国的经贸关系。

From the perspective of China, China can do business and earn money under this international system. From the perspective of the United States, in order to maintain the alliance, the United States needs to keep spending. That is why the Trump government asked his allies to pay for his military. Because this expense is too big.

从中国的角度来看，中国可以在这个国际体系下做生意、挣钱。从美国的角度来看，为了维持联盟，美国需要保持支出。这就是为什么特朗普政府要求他的盟友支付他的军费。因为这笔开支太大了。

? Is the importance of allies important today

? 今天盟友的重要性是否重要

The importance of allies depends on the current political needs of the country. For example, if China really wants to compete for world hegemony with the United States, then China will certainly launch an alliance movement. It will not only form an alliance, but also frequently send troops to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, and even establish a puppet government around it. But China will not do this, let alone fight for the so-called hegemony.

盟友是否重要取决于该国当前的政治需求。例如，如果中国真的想与美国争夺世界霸权，那么中国肯定会掀起一场联盟运动，不仅会结成联盟，还会频繁出兵干涉别国内政，甚至也会在其周围建立傀儡政府，但中国并不会这样做，更无意争夺所谓霸权。

At present, China's goal is to make every effort to build and develop. Under such circumstances, if China forms an alliance, it will further stimulate the United States, make neighboring countries uneasy, and make confrontation the mainstream of diplomacy. If the allies are interfered by the armed forces, China will have to send troops. This is totally inconsistent with China's current goals. Therefore, the Chinese will not blindly align.

目前，中国的目标是尽一切努力建设和发展。在这种情况下，如果中国结成联盟，将进一步刺激美国，使邻国感到不安，并使对抗成为外交的主流。如果盟友受到武装力量的干扰，中国将不得不出兵。这与中国目前的目标完全不符。因此，中国人不会盲目结盟。

As for the friend you mentioned. Do you think there are really friends in international diplomacy? During World War II, due to the existence of Nazis, capitalists and workers could unite. If aliens invade the earth, or if there is a disaster on the earth, the Americans and the Chinese will become close allies. The standard of international diplomacy is one's own national interests, not feelings.

至于你提到的所谓朋友。你认为国际外交中真的有朋友吗？二战时期，由于纳粹的存在，资本家和工人可以团结在一起。如果外星人入侵地球，或者地球发生大灾难，美国人和中国人将成为关系密切的盟友。国际外交的标准是自己的国家利益，而不是感情。

Therefore, the current diplomatic requirement for China is to maintain good relations with important countries. For example, Russia is an important partner of China, but Russia will not ask China to help him, nor will China ask Russia to help China. This is not because the relationship between the two countries is not good, but because it will make the two countries more flexible in international affairs.

因此，当前对中国的外交要求是与重要国家保持良好关系。例如，俄罗斯是中国的重要伙伴，但俄罗斯不会要求中国帮助他，中国也不会要求俄罗斯帮助中国。这不是因为两国之间的关系不好，而是因为这将使两国在国际事务中更加灵活。


海外网友贾瑟?汗的回答
China will not make commitments in an alliance system that bears too many defense responsibilities. Experience in Europe (the Triple Ententees and the Central Powers) before World War I and during the Cold War (NATO and the Warsaw Pact) has proved that running such an alliance system is a real trouble and may drag you into a war you don't want to fight.

中国不会在一个承担太多防务责任的联盟体系中做出承诺。第一次世界大战前的欧洲（三重协约国和中央大国）和冷战时期（北约和华约）的经验证明，运行这样的联盟体系是一件真正的麻烦事，可能会把你拖入一场你不想打的战争。

Before the reform and opening up and before joining the United Nations, China was a country to be developed and isolated by the West. Few countries were interested in forming alliances with China, which was in a sensitive position in the Cold War: it was a split branch of the global communist movement and had poor relations with the United States and the Soviet Union, the two most powerful countries at that time. Only some poor and "non influential" countries, such as some Eastern European countries (Albania) and some African countries, will support China in international affairs.

改革开放前，加入联合国前的日子，中国是一个有待发展和被西方孤立的国家，没有多少国家有必要与在冷战中处于敏感地位的中国结盟：这是全球共产主义运动的分裂分支，与美国和苏联这两个当时最强大的国家关系都不太好。只有一些第三世界和“没有影响”的国家，如一些东欧国家（阿尔巴尼亚）、一些非洲国家在国际事务中会力挺中国。

Since China entered the stage of opening up and rapid industrialization, great changes have taken place. But then China decided that following the Non Aligned Movement was the most beneficial strategy. As a world exporter dealing with countries with various political backgrounds and alliance backgrounds, China had better not seriously offend anyone in geopolitics. Therefore, China can balance the contradictions between major power groups and reach better agreements.

自从中国进入开放和快速工业化阶段以来，情况发生了很大变化。但随后，中国决定，追随不结盟运动是最有益的战略。中国作为一个与各种政治背景和联盟背景的国家打交道的世界出口国，最好不要在地缘政治上严重冒犯任何人，因此中国能够平衡大国集团之间的矛盾，并达成更好的协议。

In addition, let's not forget that China's current population is larger than that of NATO countries plus Japan, South Korea and Australia combined. China already bears the burden of feeding and developing one fifth of the world's population. The retention of overseas military bases needed to make a serious commitment to the military alliance may consume current logistical capabilities and resources that could otherwise be used elsewhere.

此外，我们不要忘记，中国目前的人口比北约国家加上日本、韩国和澳大利亚的人口总和还要多。中国已经背负着养活和发展世界五分之一人口的重担。保留对军事联盟作出认真承诺所需的海外军事基地，可能会过度消耗当前的后勤能力，并消耗本可用于其他地方的资源。

In the past few years, China has become more and more confident, while the United States has in turn called on its allies to join hands against China. Therefore, we have full reasons to believe that China will establish more security cooperation (such as SCO) in addition to the existing economic partnerships (such as the BRICS Bank, the Asian Investment Bank, and the the Belt and Road Initiative) to cope with the changing environment.

在过去几年中，中国变得越来越自信，而美国则反过来呼吁盟友联手对付中国。因此，我们有充分的理由相信，中国将在现有经济伙伴关系（如金砖国家银行、亚投行、一带一路倡议）之外建立更多的安全合作（如上合组织），以应对不断变化的环境。

However, in the end, Chinese people tend to be self reliant and self reliant in culture. In their long history, they have almost no experience in the alliance system. Therefore, China is probably still unwilling to assume the responsibility and cost of a binding treaty alliance system, but the return is very small. I think this is a good thing for the world, because believe me, we do not need to repeat the situation before World War II or during the Cold War.

但最终，中国人在文化上倾向于自力更生，自顾自，在其漫长的历史中几乎没有任何联盟体系的经验，因此中国很可能仍然不愿承担有约束力的条约联盟体系的责任和成本，但回报甚微的事情。我认为这对世界来说是一件好事，因为相信我，我们不需要再次重演二战前或冷战时期的局势。

Last but not least, there is a saying called "Birds of a feather flock together". To be honest, is there any country like China that has the strength to actively promote peaceful development?

最后但并非最不重要的是，有一句话叫做“物以类聚”，老实说，还有像中国这样有实力还积极推动和平发展的国家吗？

In 1949, when New China was just founded, she had some idealism and wanted to make friends, but this idealism did not last long.

1949年，新中国刚刚成立时，她有些理想主义，很想交朋友，但这种理想主义没能坚持多久。

After 70 years in power, China is very tired of the so-called "alliance". This feeling is also found in most other Asian countries. The friendship between gentlemen is as thin as water. Rational relations based on common interests are the wise way.

70年后，中国对所谓“结盟”的事情感到非常厌倦。这种感觉在大多数其他亚洲国家也有，君子之交淡如水，建立在共同利益基础上的理性关系才是明智的道路。