在汉文化圈的影响下，从汉字到制度，再到礼仪、服饰，从古代开始，周围各国就一直长期模仿我国。古代且不论，就现代的越南而言，也几乎是一部模仿中国发展的历史。从秦始皇时期的“百越之国”到汉武帝时的“交趾郡”，越南北部乃至全境都有被中国统治的历史。事实上，即使越南相对独立后，对于中国历朝历代也一直是藩属国的状态。越南被称为“小中国”，不是没有原因的，在海外问答论坛，外国网友问：日本、韩国和越南，哪个国家最像中国？大多数网友把票投给了越南。


问题



网友爱德华?肯威的回答
Of course it's Vietnam.

当然是越南。

Japan learned everything from China in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and then stopped abruptly. Due to both experiences of Westernization, Japanese society may now be very similar to China, but it does not have the same learning time as South Korea and Vietnam, which lasted for thousands of years.

日本在唐宋时期什么都向中国学习，然后戛然而止。由于都经历了西化，日本社会现在可能与中国很相似，但它不像韩国和越南那样学习时间长达千年。

From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, including the Song and Yuan Dynasties, North Korea has been learning from China until the end of the Qing Dynasty. At present, it is closer to China than Japan, but we should not forget Vietnam.

从唐朝到明朝，包括宋元，朝鲜一直向中国学习，直到清朝末期，目前比日本更接近中国，但我们不要忘记越南。

Vietnam has been learning from China since the Han Dynasty, while Japan and South Korea have stopped. Vietnam, like China, underwent a transformation from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty because it was once part of China's territory. After Vietnam gained independence, the following two dynasties borrowed the system of the Song Dynasty. Then, after the Ming Dynasty occupied it, it borrowed heavily from the economic and cultural systems of the Ming Dynasty. Both China and Vietnam were ruled by Western powers, experiencing colonization and civil war. Vietnam still follows or even replicates China's economic and political model to this day.

越南从汉朝一直向中国学习借鉴到现在，而日本和韩国则停止了。越南和中国一样经历了从汉朝到唐朝的转变，因为它曾是中国领土的一部分。越南独立后，在接下来的两个朝代都借鉴了宋朝的制度。然后在明朝占领后，它从明朝大量借鉴经济、文化体系。中国和越南都被西方列强统治，经历了殖民和内战，越南至今仍在遵循甚至复制中国的经济、政治模式。

"The Vietnamese still believe confidently that they have retained the ancient Chinese tradition in their primitive state, and have also continued the concept of civilization and barbarism like China." (Yamamoto Taro, History of China–Vietnam relations, 1975)

“越南人仍然自信地认为，他们在原始状态下保留了中国的古老传统，也像中国一样延续了文明野蛮的概念。”(山本达郎:《中越关系史》1975)

The following is an excerpt of a major event in Vietnam's learning from China:

下面是越南对应学习中国的大事件摘录:

? Land Reform (1946) - C ? i c á ch ru ú ng ? ? t (Land Reform) (1953)

?土地改革(1946)- C?i cách ru?ng ??t(土地改革)(1953)

The Hundred Flowers Movement (1957) - Giai Ph ? m Incident (1958)

?百花齐放运动(1957)- Giai Ph?m事件)(1958)

Reform and Opening up 1978)- ? ? i M ? i（ ? Economic Reform (1986)

?改革开放（1978)- ??i M?i (??i M?i经济改革)(1986)

China Cybersecurity Law (2016) - Lu ? t An Ninh M ? ng (Vietnam Cybersecurity Law) (2018)

?中国网络安全法(2016)- Lu?t An Ninh M?ng(越南网络安全法)(2018)


网友李皓阳的回答
Of course it's South Korea!

当然是韩国！

Do you think it's Japan? Japan is such a studious country. They accepted the excellent culture of the Tang Dynasty very early on, and as expected, Japan was the first to accept advanced Western culture, achieving the fastest industrialization in the East. Due to its rapid westernization, Japan has become a country far away from China.

你认为是日本?日本是一个如此好学的国家。他们很早就接受了唐朝的优秀文化，不出所料，日本又最早接受西方先进文化，实现了东方最快的工业化。由于迅速西化，日本已经成为一个与中国相距甚远的国家。

Vietnam? Yes, Vietnam's interaction with China has continued until now. However, due to the long-term war with China, many people in Vietnam still believe that China is a hostile country. In addition, Vietnam came to modern times and gave up Chinese characters and accepted Western Roman script. This is a clear decoupling from China.

越南吗?是的，越南与中国的交往一直持续到现在。然而，由于与中国的长期战争，越南有不少人仍然认为中国是一个敌对国家。此外，越南来到近代，放弃了汉字，接受了西罗马文字。这是与中国的明显脱钩。

South Korea? The whole Joseon served the Ming Dynasty as a country. Koreans really like Han people. So Koreans not only worship the Ming Dynasty, but also all Han dynasties, including the Tang and Song dynasties. Of course, due to neglecting the powerful Warring States like the Qing Dynasty, it suffered great harm. However, it is not difficult to find a culture similar to China in South Korea.

韩国吗?整个朝鲜王朝作为一个国家为明朝服务。韩国人真的很喜欢汉人。所以朝鲜人不仅崇拜明朝，还崇拜包括唐朝和宋朝在内的所有汉朝王朝。当然，由于忽视了清朝这样一个强大的战国，它受到了很大的伤害。然而，在韩国也不难找到与中国相似的文化。

In Seoul, you can find a Confucian temple that worships the Chinese philosopher Confucius.

在首尔，你可以找到一个崇拜中国哲学家孔子的文庙。

I personally hope that China, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea can get along well. After all, we are part of a big family, right?

我个人希望中国、日本、越南和韩国友好相处。毕竟我们是大家庭的一员，对吧?


越南网友Japan Park的回答
In fact, Vietnam has always been Sinicizing. At the same time, Japan is visually the most different from China's culture, because they ended cultural exchanges with China at the earliest among the other three countries in the Han Kulturkreis. North Korea is not as good as Vietnam because they cut off cultural exchanges with China after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, because North Korea believed that the Manchus were barbaric tribes in the north; Therefore, cultural exchange with them was cut off.

事实上，越南一直在中国化。与此同时，日本在外观上与中国的文化最不同，因为他们在汉文化圈的其他三个国家中最早结束了与中国的文化交流。朝鲜也不如越南，因为他们在明朝灭亡后切断了与中国的文化交流，因为朝鲜认为清朝人是北方的野蛮部落;因此切断了与他们的文化交流。

It is undeniable that Vietnam's architecture, clothing, and cuisine are the most similar to those of China. The most popular traditional clothing in Vietnam, "Aodai", reminds people of China's cheongsam. Although some people may think that pants are unique to Vietnam, there are also more modern versions of Chinese cheongsam. In terms of self-cultivation, the cheongsam of Vietnam and China, as well as Ao Dai's self-cultivation, have been influenced by Western fashion aesthetics. Vietnamese architecture is also the most similar to Chinese architecture, because their super curves and extremely gorgeous Minimalism decoration also follow the Chinese style of the Qing Dynasty.

不可否认，越南的建筑、服装和美食都与中国最相似。越南最流行的传统服饰“傲戴”让人想起中国的旗袍。虽然有些人可能会认为裤子是越南独有的，但中国的旗袍也有更现代的版本。在修身方面，越南和中国的旗袍和敖黛的修身都受到了西方时尚美学的影响。越南的建筑也与中国的建筑最为相似，因为它们的超曲线和极其华丽华丽的极简主义装饰也效仿了中国的清朝风格。

In terms of language, the phonetic relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese language is much closer than that between China and Japan or between China and South Korea. In fact, Vietnamese language is classified as a South Asian language. However, their language tone is very similar to Chinese, which distinguishes them from other East Asian counterparts (South Korea and Japan). Perhaps these similarities can be seen between the Chinese dialects of Cantonese and Vietnamese language. Although Cantonese and Vietnamese language are two different languages, it is easy for non-native speakers to confuse the pronunciation of Cantonese and Vietnamese language because their pronunciation is similar.

在语言方面，汉语和越南语的语音关系比中国和日本或中国和韩国的语音关系要近得多。事实上，越南语被归类为一种南亚语言，然而，他们的语言音调很像汉语，这使他们与其他东亚同行(韩国和日本)区别开来。也许在粤语和越南语的中国方言之间可以看到这些相似之处。虽然粤语和越南语是两种截然不同的语言，但对于非母语的人来说，粤语和越南语的语音很容易混淆，因为它们的语音相似。

Therefore, on the surface, I think Vietnam is the country most similar to China in the Han Kulturkreis. The reason is very simple, because the country in the Han Kulturkreis is almost like a cultural snapshot of a Chinese dynasty; On the contrary, Vietnam's snapshot of Chinese culture is the latest among the three countries, so it is most similar to the latest version of traditional Chinese culture.

因此，从表面上看，我认为越南是汉文化圈中与中国最相似的国家。原因很简单，因为汉文化圈中的国家几乎就像某个中国王朝的文化快照;相反，越南对中国文化的快照是三个国家中最新的，因此它与中国传统文化的最新版本最相似。

The Forbidden City of China

中国的故宫

The Forbidden City in China: Pay attention to the symmetry and center of the main hall

中国的紫禁城:注意注意正殿的对称和中心

Chinese traditional family interior decoration: pay attention to the gorgeous Minimalism in decoration and design.

中国传统的家庭室内装饰:注意装饰和设计中的华丽的极简主义。

Manchu/Western influence on cheongsam: pay attention to the two pleats and pants below the outer layer

满族/西方影响了旗袍:注意在外层下面的两个褶边和裤子



Imperial City of Hu? in Vietnam (experts say he wants to remake the Forbidden City)

越南的顺化皇城(专家表示他想翻拍紫禁城)

Aerial View of the Forbidden City

紫禁城鸟瞰图

The overall layout of the Forbidden City in Huhua: Pay attention to the same emphasis on symmetry, and the centrality of the main hall is similar to that of China.

顺化紫禁城全布局:注意同样注重对称，正殿的中心性与中国相似。

Vietnamese traditional family interior: pay attention to similar Minimalism aesthetics.

越南传统家庭室内:注意类似的极简主义美学。

The Australian style cheongsam in Vietnam - as you can see, it is very similar in appearance and function to the Manchu cheongsam that was later influenced by the West

越南的澳式旗袍——正如你所看到的，在外形和功能上与后期受西方影响的满族旗袍非常相似


日本网友With Wu zan的回答
Of course it's Vietnam. Li Xianwu is from Vietnam. He works in Fangchenggang, Guangxi. After living and working in China for 5 years, Li Xianwu traveled to every city in Guangxi. In his opinion, Vietnam and China are very similar. Vietnam is like a scaled down version of China.

当然是越南。李献武是越南人。他在广西防城港工作。在中国生活和工作了5年之后，李献武走遍了广西的每一个城市。在他看来，越南和中国非常相似。越南“就像缩小版的中国”。

"From the Ming style Buddhist temple to the aunt who dances square dance at night, I found many similarities between China and Vietnam. In the past five years, sometimes I even thought: Did I walk into another version of Vietnam in the black hole of the Parallel universe?

“从明式佛寺到晚上跳广场舞的阿姨，我发现中国和越南有很多相似之处。在这五年中，有时我甚至会想:我是不是在平行宇宙的黑洞中行走进入了另一个版本的越南?

Firstly, let's take a look at festivals. Basically, all Chinese festivals are attended by Vietnamese people, with slightly different names.

首先，让我们来看看节日。基本上所有的中国节日都有越南人参加，只是名称略有不同。

Chinese New Year: In Vietnam, it means New Year's Eve money, family reunions, and red decorations everywhere.

中国新年:在越南，这意味着压岁钱，家人团聚，到处都是红色的装潢。

Dragon Boat Festival: In Vietnam, Dragon Boat Festival is a traditional festival to prevent pests.

端午节:在越南，端午节是防止害虫的传统节日。

Mid-Autumn Festival: The festival of appreciating the moon comes from China, and there is also a legend of Chang'e in Vietnam.

中秋节:赏月的节日来自中国，越南也有嫦娥的传说。

Qingming Festival: The same is true in Vietnam.

清明节:越南也一样，扫墓祭祖。

Double Ninth Festival: People in Vietnam are used to drinking and climbing on Double Ninth Festival

重阳节:重阳节在越南人们习惯喝酒和爬山……

Vietnamese write couplets, fry Spring rolls, and sacrifice Zongzi.

越南人写春联，炸春卷，祭粽子。

Looking at Chinese characters, starting from the Han Dynasty, they began to be widely introduced to Vietnam. After the Chen Dynasty in Government of Vietnam, Chinese characters became the main characters of the Vietnamese government and people. At this time, a large number of Chinese characters began to appear, the most famous of which was "The Complete History of the Great Mountains in the Fifteenth Century".

再看看汉字，从汉代开始，汉字开始大规模地传入越南。越南陈朝以后，汉字成为越南政府和人民的主要文字。这时，大量的汉字开始出现，其中最著名的是《十五世纪大岳全史》。

This book is an article written in Chinese characters, which is basically not written according to the grammar rules of Vietnamese language, nor according to the vocabulary of Vietnamese language, but purely written in the grammar of ancient Chinese. Although Vietnam began to write in Latin script after Ho Chi Minh was founded, 70% of the Chinese Vietnamese vocabulary still exists in its vocabulary.

这本书是一篇用汉字写的文章，基本上不是按照越南语的语法规则写的，也不是按照越南语的词汇写的，而是纯粹用古代汉语的语法写的。虽然越南在胡志明成立后开始用拉丁字母书写，但其词汇中仍保留了70%的汉越词汇。

Finally, let's talk about customs. The customs of China and Vietnam are very similar, such as the twelve zodiac signs. In the Han Kulturkreis, almost all Almost all have the Chinese zodiac. Although Vietnam does not belong to the Confucian Kulturkreis, it also has the Han Kulturkreis. But the rabbits in the twelve zodiac signs have turned into cats. So, why did Chinese "rabbits" become "cats" in Vietnam?

最后，谈谈习俗。中国和越南的习俗非常相似，比如十二生肖。在汉族文化圈中，几乎所有国家都有中国的生肖。越南虽不属于儒家文化圈，但也有汉文化圈。只不过十二生肖里的兔子变成了猫。那么，为什么中国的“兔子”在越南变成了“猫”?

The true reason cannot be verified, but it is said that when the Chinese zodiac was introduced to Vietnam, the word "hair" in "Silver Fox and Rabbit" was misunderstood by Vietnamese people as "cat", resulting in the appearance of "cat" in the Vietnamese zodiac. Replaced 'rabbit'.

真正的原因无从考证，但据说当中国十二生肖传入越南时，“银狐毛兔”中的“毛”字被越南人误解为“猫”，导致越南十二生肖中出现了“猫”。取代了“兔子”。


中国网友查尔斯?李的回答
I am Chinese and can speak Japanese and Korean. I lived in Japan as an exchange student for a year. My parents are Koreans families. I have many Vietnamese friends. I have been to Vietnam twice. I can be certain that Vietnam is more like China than the other two countries.

我是中国人，会说日语和韩语。我作为交换生在日本住了一年。我的父母是朝鲜族家庭，我有很多越南朋友，我去过越南两次。我可以肯定越南比其他两个国家更像中国。

Although many Vietnamese may deny that they were influenced by the Chinese, not only the historical government system, architecture, and traditional clothing, but almost everything from language and festivals, traditions to our way of judging family, career, and marriage is extremely similar.

尽管许多越南人可能会否认他们受到了中国人的影响，但不仅仅是历史上的政府制度、建筑和传统服饰，从语言和节日、传统到我们对家庭、事业和婚姻的判断方式，几乎一切都是极其相似的。

You can see that if you stay away from politics, Vietnamese and Chinese people are really easy to become friends. I know many of my friends are in love with Vietnamese girls, and some of my Women in China friends have also married Vietnamese men.

你可以看到，如果远离政治，越南人和中国人真的很容易成为朋友。我知道我的很多朋友都和越南女孩有恋爱关系，我的一些中国女性朋友也嫁给了越南男人。

So, although I am Chinese and some Chinese people see Vietnam as a thorn in their side, I really hope that one day Vietnam will become a developed country with a high standard of living, because now we really need some East Asian countries to spread the "East Asian" culture to the world, and Vietnam is definitely the best choice.

所以，虽然我是中国人，有些中国人把越南视为眼中钉，但我真的希望有一天越南成为一个生活水平高的发达国家，因为现在我们真的需要一些东亚国家向世界传播“东亚”文化，越南绝对是最好的选择。

The relationship between South Korea and China is also very close. If Vietnam is closer to southern Chinese culture, then South Korea has been influenced by typical northern Chinese culture, although South Korea has also been influenced by Japan.

韩国与中国的关系也非常密切。如果说越南更接近中国南方文化，那么韩国则受到了典型的中国北方文化的影响，尽管韩国也受到了日本的影响。

The situation in Japan is completely different. I would rather see Japan as a Western country with East Asian skin.

日本的情况则完全不同。我宁愿把日本看作是一个有着东亚皮肤的西方国家。


韩国网友金波颂的回答
In terms of language, they do not have any Mandarin related to Chinese, and they all borrow approximately the same proportion of Chinese loanwords (60%). But Vietnamese language has the most similar phonology, because Vietnamese language has absorbed the basis of China, the Vietnamese spoken by Chinese settlers called Vietnam, and then became extinct after they were assimilated by the local Demographics of Vietnam. Vietnamese language is considered to have become a Tonal language due to the influence of China, while Chinese is considered to have become a Tonal language due to the influence of the Miao nationality. It's like everyone is adjusting to each other. Japan is actually the only country that still uses Chinese characters.

在语言方面:它们都没有与汉语一样的国语，它们都借用了大致相同比例的汉语外来词(60%)。但是越南语有最相似的音系，因为越南语吸收了中国的基础，被称为越南的中国定居者所说的越南话，然后在他们被当地的越南人口同化后灭绝了。越南语被认为是由于中国的影响而变成了一种声调语言，汉语被认为是由于苗族的影响而变成了声调语言。就好像每个人都在互相调调。日本实际上是唯一一个还在使用汉字的国家。

In terms of genetics, in the southern hinterland of China, such as Guangxi and Guangdong, Han people are closer to Vietnamese people. But overall, the Koreans are definitely the most closely related to the Han people among these three groups, as there was a significant amount of interaction between prehistoric primitive populations, which will continue to develop into Han and Korean people. If you list the population of all Han ethnic groups, the vast majority of people will consider Koreans as their closest genetic connection outside of China.

在遗传方面:在中国的南方腹地，如广西和广东，越南人更接近汉人。但总的来说，韩国人肯定是这三个群体中与汉人关系最密切的，因为史前原始人群之间有大量的互动，这些互动将继续发展成汉人和朝鲜人。如果你列出所有汉族地区人口的名单，那么绝大多数人都会把韩国人作为他们在中国境外最密切的基因联系。

In terms of political structure: it is also Vietnam. North Korea is also a Socialist state, just like China and Vietnam, but its economic and social development is too poor.

就政治结构而言:也是越南。朝鲜也是一个社会主义国家，就像中国和越南一样，但经济社会发展程度差太多了。

In terms of culture: Overall, Vietnam is the most similar. Vietnam is most like Guangxi, followed by other southern provinces such as Guangdong. I do believe that the northern part of China (Hebei, Northeast, Shandong) may be more like North Korea and South Korea to some extent, due to its close geographical location (let alone common ancestors). Eastern China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu) is more inclined towards Japan, as most of China's influence on Japan comes from the Jiangnan region. Ryukyu Islands are closer to Fujian in culture.

就文化而言:总体而言，越南是最相似的。越南最像广西，然后是其他一些南方省份，比如广东。我确实认为中国北方(河北、东北、山东)可能在某种程度上更像朝鲜韩国，因为地理位置接近(更不用说共同的祖先了)。中国东部(浙江、江苏)更倾向于日本，因为中国对日本的影响大部分来自江南地区。琉球群岛在文化上更接近福建。